Subsequently, using VACV N1 mutants that discriminate between inhibition of apoptosis and NF-κB, it was shown that virulence correlated with inhibition of NF-κB.33 Here, these mutants were used to investigate the consequence of inhibiting NF-κB on the development of adaptive immunity using i.d. infection, mimicking dermal vaccination. The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is infection.