Overall,Msi1 or Msi2 were significantly upregulated inmatched tumor-control pairs for 3 of the 5 cancer types, compared to control pairs.Kidney tumors showed the opposite expression pattern, with Msi1 andMsi2 downregulated in a majority of tumors and rarelyupregulated, and in thyroid cancer neither Msi1 norMsi2 showed a strong bias towards up- or down-regulation (Figure 1A, top). This evidence concerns the gene MSI1 and neoplasm.