Furthermore, we confirmed that the inhibition of forskolin-induced cAMP production in cells lacking torsinA or expressing mutant torsinA, torsinAΔE, were not due to a reduction of intracellular levels of ATP in our DYT1 dystonia models, which could have confounded our results (Figure 1E, and 1F). Here, TOR1A is linked to early-onset generalized limb-onset dystonia.