CD40 and neoplasm: Activation of CD40 pathways on macrophages may have a dual role in the survival and invasive capacity of tumor cells.43 However, several reports indicate that CD40-activated macrophages produce inflammatory mediators that promote chronic inflammation.44 In the same direction, we observed that the CD40L/CD40 pathway is involved in the enhancement of inflammatory activity of macrophages induced by TIS-T cells.