For instance, a common variant in the α-synuclein gene (SNCA rs11931074) was associated with MSA in an initial study (Odds ratio [OR] = 6.2, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.4 – 11.2, p value under recessive model =5.5 × 10−12) [21] and this result was subsequently replicated in an independent set of pathologically-confirmed MSA cases (OR: 4.7, 95% CI: 1.0 – 21.7, p value =0.06) [22]. Here, SNCA is linked to multiple system atrophy.