We also found that non-specific T-cell activation measured by high expression of Ki-67 and down-regulation of BcL-2 was not an independent predictor of the risk of HIV-1 infection by itself; however, after adjustment for ELISpot mock responses, CD8+ T-cell activation was directly correlated with risk of HIV-1 infection. The gene discussed is CD8A; the disease is HIV-1 infection.