Mock cellular responses, to our knowledge, have not been previously studied in terms of their effect on risk of HIV-1 infection; however, increased risk of infection associated with vaccine-specific cellular immunity has recently been discovered in several studies, including a non-human primate vaccine study against HSV infection [15] and the VAX004 study, where higher vaccine-specific CD8+ T-cell responses were significantly correlated with higher risk of HIV-1 infection among participants who received the AIDSVAX vaccine [16]. This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and infection.