IGF1 and cardiac hypertrophy: Signature cardiac hypertrophy pathways, such as IGF-1-, PI3K/Akt-, JAK/STAT-, and TH-signaling pathways, are mostly associated with physiological hypertrophy, whereas GPCR-, Ca2+-, ERK/MAPK-, and NFAT signaling pathways are associated with pathological hypertrophy (16).