INS and neuropathy: However, during progression of T2DM, insulin secretion decreases owing to the depletion of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in absolute insulin deficiency and increase in plasma glucose levels.2 Long-term elevated plasma glucose levels are responsible for the development of microvascular complications, such as retino-, nephro- and neuropathy, and macrovascular complications, such as atherosclerosis, which are the most common long-term complications of T2DM.3, 4 Correcting insulin resistance and substituting insulin currently is regarded as the gold standard of diabetes therapy.