BRAF and melanoma: Although hyperactivation oncogenic BRAF induces macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) in melanoma cells [39], markers of autophagy activation, including conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II and aggregation (punctate staining) of GFP-LC3 that was stably introduced into cells by lentiviral transduction, could hardly be detected in BRAFV600E as well as BRAFWT melanoma cells (Figures 4A and B).