MTOR and diabetes mellitus: In humans, cell hypertrophy, hyper-function and hyperplasia, typically associated with activation of mTOR, contribute to diseases associated with aging, such as myocardial infarctions and strokes, osteoporosis, cancer, autoimmune disease, arthritis, obesity, diabetes, macula-degeneration, and Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases (Blagosklonny, 2006; Johnson et al., 2013; O'Neill and Hardie, 2013).