EGF and neoplasm: Moreover, in tumor cells, by up-regulating the production of EGR1, epidermal growth factor (EGFR), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGFRA), and insulin-like growth factor II (IGF2BP2), E2F1 can activate the phosphoinositide-3-kinase/Akt (PIK3CA/AKT) pathway in a way to inhibit drug-induced apoptosis (Zheng et al., 2009).