INS and gestational diabetes: The hypermethylation of these imprinted genes IGF2, which is maternally methylated, and H19, which is paternally methylated, corresponded to a decrease in the mRNA expression and subsequent protein product translation, a swollen and disordered endoplasmic reticulum, as well as an increased insulin response during feeding and decreased fasting insulin levels within pancreatic â-cells isolated from mice offspring of GDM mothers when compared to control offspring (Ding et al., 2012).