DMD and Duchenne muscular dystrophy: It is now increasingly evident that the primary deficiency of dystrophin in skeletal and cardiac muscle results in the activation of several secondary processes such as calcium influx, infiltration of muscle tissue by inflammatory immune cells, accretion of proinflammatory and profibrogenic cytokines, activation of various proteolytic enzymes leading to ECM breakdown, and defects in clearance of damaged organelles through autophagy which all contribute to muscle wasting and disease progression in DMD (Shin et al., 2013).