INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: One report has shown that human cord blood-derived MSCs are able to differentiate into insulin-producing cells by transduction with non-integrated LV-PDX1 (Boroujeni and Aleyasin, 2013), while HSC transplantation has been shown to be a useful method for treating T1DM patients with autologous HSC transplantation achieving insulin discontinuation (Farge et al., 2010; Snarski et al., 2011).