INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: An antigen-based therapy, alum-conjugated glutamic acid decarboxylase immunization (GAD-Alum), has been reported to successfully treat T1DM in a pilot study, but failed to alter the course of loss of insulin secretion during a 1 year study of patients with recently diagnosed T1DM (Ludvigsson et al., 2008; Wherrett et al., 2011).