The selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib has been previously reported to inhibit lung and lymph node metastasis in a colon cancer xenograft, and COX-2 inhibition by celecoxib has been observed to decrease angiogenesis, vascular endothelial growth factor expression levels and prostaglandin E2 production (41). Here, VEGFA is linked to malignant colon neoplasm.