Certain newly developed agents that target the VEGF signaling pathway, such as the small-molecular VEGF receptor inhibitors, sorafenib and sunitinib, and the anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody bevacizumab, have shown encouraging treatment benefits in advanced RCC patients in randomized controlled trials (28–30), but the effects are variable and incremental, and acquired or innate resistance is frequently encountered (31,32). Here, VEGFA is linked to renal cell carcinoma.