In the present study, the expression of female hormone receptors (ER and PR), as well as EGFR and PCNA, was examined in NNK-induced lung tumors in female A/J mice (a rodent lung carcinogenesis model) in order to investigate the possible associations between different factors in mouse lung tumors, including adenomas, carcinomas in adenomas and adenocarcinomas. Here, PCNA is linked to carcinoma.