In general, there is increased phosphorylation of EGFR, AKT, S6 and 4EBP1 in breast cancer cell lines compared with immortalized non-transformed human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC-hTERT), as well as a significant decrease in AMPK phosphorylation at Thr172 (Fig. 1A). Here, EIF4EBP1 is linked to breast cancer.