As induction of autophagy by CysC also protects neurons against various stresses other than SOD1-mediated toxicity16 and rapamycin protected neurons in mice expressing TAR DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43), another disease-linked protein accumulated in sporadic ALS and frontotemporal lobar degeneration,22 CysC treatment may also be useful for SOD1-unrelated ALS as well as the SOD1-linked one. This evidence concerns the gene TARDBP and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.