Purinergic receptor antagonists, such as suramin, pyridoxal-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2’ ,4’-disulfonate (PPADS) and brilliant blue G (BBG), the latter of which is a selective blocker of P2X7R, have been used to block the infection of hepatocytes by the hepatitis B virus [120-122]. The gene discussed is P2RX7; the disease is infection.