PTPA and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Recently, Kowluru and Matti (Arora et al. 2014) have observed a significant increase in carboxymethylation of PP2AC and PP2A activity in in vitro models of glucotoxicity in INS 832/13 cells and rodent islets as well as islets derived from the ZDF rat, an animal model for T2D.