A few studies have been performed comparing the impact on host cells by pathogenic and apathogenic Neisseria. Fowler et al. [75] have shown that Nm induces higher levels of IL6 and a stronger down-regulation of the chemokine RANTES than the closely related apathogenic organism Neisseria lactamica (N. lactamica) in human meningothelial meningioma cells. The gene discussed is IL6; the disease is meningioma.