Along these lines, we found up-regulation of the gene encoding for ICAM-1, which serves as a ligand for leukocyte receptors [24], in HIBCPP after infection with Nm. Noteworthy, induced levels were also detected for G-CSF and GM-CSF, which are colony stimulating factors for the development of granulocytes and monocytes from stem cells, respectively [59]. This evidence concerns the gene ICAM1 and infection.