Upregulation in VEGF-A gene expression was dependent on Nrf2 at 8 hr p.i., since infection of shNrf2 cells did not show any increase at this time, but was independent of Nrf2 at 24 hr p.i. as it showed a 2.4-fold upregulation at this time (Fig. 7A, red bars). The gene discussed is VEGFA; the disease is infection.