In tissues, TNFα at low concentration shows beneficial effects, such asaugmentation of host defense mechanisms against infections, but at high concentration leads to inflammation and organ injury so as to cause diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Crohn’s disease (CD), and psoriasis, etc. Moreover, acute release of large amounts of TNFαduring sepsis may result in septic shock. Here, TNF is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.