CSF1 and cancer: High M-CSF expression levels, as detected via IHC on tissue sections, have been reported to associate with higher histological tumor grading and in many cases also with more frequent metastases and poor prognosis in various cancer types, including breast cancer (60), serous and mucinous ovarian epithelial tumors (61), endometrioid carcinomas (62), and papillary renal cell carcinoma (63).