VCAM1 and Hyperglycemia: In addition to these findings on atherosclerotic plaque formation, GLP-1R agonists prevented the increase in plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) gene expression in response to TNF-α or hyperglycemia in HUVEC through PKA pathway [24,70].