Furthermore, TGF-β1 induced the transcriptional activity of NF-κB, which is a transcription factor that regulates MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression, and is well-known to play a role cancer metastasis; KY-05009 also attenuated this effect in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. 5E). The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is cancer.