Although in the pilot investigation none of the additional associations of oncogenic HPV with IGF-1 or IGFBP-3 were statistically significant, they were fairly similar to the above: total IGF-1 had a nonsignificantly positive association with prevalence of oncogenic HPV and oncogenic HPV-positve SIL, whereas high IGFBP-3 had a nonsignificant inverse association with these same endpoints. This evidence concerns the gene IGFBP3 and squamous cell intraepithelial neoplasia.