Analysis of TGFB1I1 expression by IHC in independent tissue microarrays (5 NBTs, 64 AIIs and 34 AIIIs) provided a further level of evidence supporting the key role of TGFB1I1 in malignant progression of astrocytomas. The gene discussed is TGFB1I1; the disease is astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma).