Mice treated with capsaicin (0.3 mg/kg) showed lower NGAL abundance, an early biomarker of AKI, in kidneys after I/R injury compared to control mice after AKI (Figure 3A, 5.44±1.13%, n = 13, vs 12.78±2.40%, n = 8, respectively, P<0.05). This evidence concerns the gene LCN2 and acute kidney injury.