PTGS2 and Alzheimer disease: Alzheimer's disease cortex showed significantly increased mRNA and protein levels of IL-1β, TNFα, GFAP, CD11b, cPLA2 IVA sPLA2 IIA COX-1 and COX-2 [13], [103], [104], but decreased levels of pre-synaptic synaptophysin (SYP) and post-synaptic drebrin (DBN1) [9], [13].