In bipolar disorder, protein and mRNA levels of neuroinflammatory markers (IL-1β, IL-1R, MYD88, NF-kB1) and of activated microglia and astroglial markers (GFAP, NOS2, c-Fos, and CD11b) also were significantly higher than in control cortex [69], [105]. This evidence concerns the gene IL1R1 and bipolar disorder.