STAT3 and anthrax infection: Our data show activation of STAT1 (Tyr701) and STAT3 (Tyr705, Ser727) in contrast to STAT5 (Tyr694) and STAT6 (Tyr641) which might reflect up-regulation of Th17, Th1 and Treg and down-regulation of Th2 cell subsets, in line with the previous findings showing that anthrax infection manipulates with the cytokine and T cell responses [32].