We first compared the colon luminal microbiome of mice with both PN infusion (using soy oil emulsion-based PN solutions) and DSS-induced intestinal inflammation (PN/DSS mice, 100% of which developed PNALI and hepatic KC activation; Table 1) to the luminal microbiome of mice which were chow-fed mice, infused normal saline through a central venous catheter and had DSS induced intestinal inflammation (NS/DSS control mice, 0% of which developed PNALI). Here, CALCA is linked to gastroenteritis.