Interestingly, pathologically up-regulated miRNA-146a, as seen in AD brain or pathologically stressed primary HNG co-cultures results in (i) CFH down-regulation and a stimulation of innate immune and inflammatory pathways (10, 25); (ii) down-regulation of TSPAN12 that drives a propensity for the massive production of Aβ42 peptides from βAPP (26); and (iii) down-regulation of IRAK-1 with a compensatory up-regulation of IRAK-2 (1, 4, 10). Here, IRAK1 is linked to Alzheimer disease.