VEGFA and neoplasm: To add to this complexity, we have previously shown in a human GBM-derived xenograft model (that recapitulates the genotype and phenotype of the corresponding patient tumors) that vascular remodeling induced by anti-VEGF treatment leads to a more hypoxic tumor microenvironment which appears to favor metabolic changes in the tumors toward glycolysis, and where the net result is increased tumor cell invasion into the normal brain [27].