In two previous studies significantly higher expression of TGF-β1 was found on the concave side of the curve in the vertebral cartilaginous endplates and articular cartilages of the apical articular processes of AIS patients, suggesting that TGF-β1 is involved either as an etiological factor or a secondary change in the curve development [53, 54]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is androgen insensitivity syndrome.