We also found that genes encoding both positive (e.g. ARRB2, RAC2) and negative (e.g. CDC42EP2, DUSP16) regulators of the JNK pathway showed significant up-regulation during OM, suggesting tight regulation of JNK activity, perhaps to prevent bystander injury to host tissues from inflammation and/or apoptosis [30]. Here, RAC2 is linked to ocular melanoma.