NFKB1 and HIV-1 infection: In other experiments, we have also found that Rad51 is able to bind and activate NF-κB p65 in HIV-1-infected human microglial cells [29] and interplay of Rad51 with the NF-κB signaling pathway stimulates HIV-1 gene expression while inhibition of Rad51 function represses HIV-1 infection [30].