Abnormal pathological pathways such as oxidative stress and inflammation, including upregulation of TNFα, have been described in retinal neurodegenerative diseases both affecting the outer retina, such as RP and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and the inner retina, such as glaucoma and ischemic retinopathy [35-39]. Here, TNF is linked to age-related macular degeneration.