GFAP and brain injury: In view of the fact that inflammatory mediators, such as TNF-α, interleukin-1 β (IL-1β), glutamate, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Na+-K+-Cl− cotransporter 1 (NKCC1), and aquaporin-4 (AQP4), are altered in brain injuries [13,17-19], it was surmised that these molecular biomarkers in the olfactory bulb might also be affected following combustion smoke inhalation.