It was further observed that the mean Ct values of IGFBP3, F3 and VGLL3 of all 97 cancer sample measurements were 28.7, 28.3 and 33.2 respectively, meaning that VGLL3 generally had lower expression levels compared to IGFBP3 and F3 in prostate cancer samples. Here, IGFBP3 is linked to cancer.