TNF and infection: On the other hand, TNFα mRNA increased 200-fold after infection with U112 (Fig. S3A), and TNFα and IL-6 levels in the culture medium (Fig. S3B) were up to 30-fold higher than we observed for LVS and Schu S4, confirming that F. novicida is significantly more proinflammatory than F. tularensis[49].