HMGB1 and serum lipopolysaccharide activity: Interestingly, polymyxin B (PMX), which is originally developed for the removal of endotoxin and treatment of endotoxemia, has been reported to reduce the serum HMGB1 levels in PF patients with acute exacerbation and that HMGB1 is detected in washing medium from PMX fibre, suggesting that PMX may directly absorb HMGB1 and it may be an efficacious therapeutic option for acute exacerbation in PF [75].