VHL and nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma: As 20 ccRCCs showed undetectable VHL (Fig. 2B, see the dots on the X-axis) versus 5 ccRCC with undetectable RKIP (Fig. 2A), the tumorigenesis of ccRCC most likely relies heavily on the loss of VHL function and on the partial reduction of RKIP action.