The median time from identification of angiomyolipoma to a clinically significant renal event, defined as referral for embolization or surgery, mTOR inhibitor treatment, bleeding or other tumour symptom, was 34 years for patients with sporadic LAM and 25 years for TSC-LAM (range 0–43) (Figure 4). Here, MTOR is linked to angiomyolipoma.