Similar results were found in a preclinical model of PCa, whereby rats implanted with irradiated MatLyLu prostate carcinoma cells engineered to express GM-CSF exhibited longer disease-free survival compared to those challenged with nontransduced cells but also received soluble GM-CSF [71], indicating that the continual tumour secretion of this cytokine facilitates the development of antitumour immunity. Here, CSF2 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.