Compared to normal donor liver tissues (Figure 2A), expression levels of ER stress markers IRE1α, BiP and peIF2α in HCV-infected CLD patients were significantly increased (**P<0.001, ***P<0.0001, and, *P<0.01 respectively) (Figure 2B and 2C). This evidence concerns the gene HSPA5 and congenital secretory chloride diarrhea 1.