These collective findings were consistent with initial observations in children that insulin elevations could be a cause as well as a consequence of weight gain [15] and an emerging consensus implicating hyperinsulinemia as a “proximate” or “root cause of insulin resistance and diabetes” [16]–[18], now increasingly documented by clinical [19], [20] and laboratory studies [21]–[23]. This evidence concerns the gene INS and hyperinsulinism.