Several mechanisms regarding the effect of TNF-α on kidneys have been proposed: Most importantly, TNF-α has been found to cause a reduction in kidney function via complex pathways (mainly due to its cytotoxicity towards glomerular, mesangial, and epithelial cells) [22], including renal fibrosis, where mechanisms such as an activation of nuclear factor κB regulating cell adhesion molecules, a promotion of TGF-β1 and an altered release of nitric oxide are essential [23]. Here, TNF is linked to renal fibrosis.