NF-κB has also been considered to be a key contributor in promoting tumor progression, as it is found to be frequently overactivated in human breast cancers.37,38 However, a moderate suppression of breast CSC phenotypes following blockage of TLR3-mediated NF-κB activation, as shown in our results, suggests other pathways also take place. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and breast carcinoma.