IFNG and breast carcinoma: In early efforts, several studies found that activation of TLR3 signal displayed anticancer properties, possibly mediated by IFNγ production and/or TLR3-induced apoptosis.33,36 Others reported that elevated TLR3 expression in breast cancer patients was associated with poor prognosis.22 These findings suggest that TLR3 has more complicated biological functions than previously understood.