TLR3 and esophageal cancer: TLR3, 4, 7, and 9 were overexpressed in 70, 72, 67, and 78% of patients with esophageal cancer.17 The -196 to -174del/del genotype of TLR2 may increase the risk of gastric cancer,18 and TLR4+896A>G polymorphism is a risk factor for non-cardia gastric carcinoma.19 Functions of epithelial-expressed TLR2 and 5 in promoting epithelial cell survival, proliferation, migration,20 and angiogenesis (TLR2 only)21 may be usurped by tumor cells to facilitate progression and metastasis.