MAPK3 and breast carcinoma: Park et al. (2012b) also showed that frondoside A significantly inhibited PI3K/Akt, ERK-1/2, and p38 MAPK activation in 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-stimulated breast cancer cells, indicating that frondoside A inhibited TPA-induced NF-κB and AP-1 activation via inactivation of the PI3K/Akt, ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK pathways.